Starch-based aqueous adhesive compositions and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to starch-based aqueous adhesive compositions and uses thereof. Provided is an aqueous adhesive composition comprising highly branched starch (HBS) obtained by treatment of starch or starch derivatives with a glycogen branching enzyme, and further comprising a carboxymethyl (CM) polysaccharide derivative, such as a carboxymethyl ether of starch, cellulose or a combination thereof. Also provided is a method for adhering a first substrate to a second substrate, comprising applying to at least said first or said second substrate said starch-based adhesive, and a glued or glueable product obtainable thereby.

This application is the U.S. National Phase of, and Applicants claimpriority from, International Patent Application Number PCT/NL2014/050382filed Jun. 12, 2014, which claims priority from EP 13171819.9 filed Jun.13, 2013, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The invention relates to aqueous adhesive compositions comprising astarch. Aqueous dispersion adhesives consist of solid adhesive dispersedin an aqueous phase. These adhesives contain water soluble additivessuch as surfactants, emulsifiers, and protective colloids that act aslinks between the apolar adhesive particles and the aqueous phase. Theyprevent the adhesive particles from sticking together and coagulationduring storage. On drying, these additives evaporate or are absorbedinto the adhesive film. In order to obtain optimum strength andperformance, the adhesive must be completely dry. Small amounts ofresidual moisture combined with residual water soluble additives weakenthe film and lower the resistance to moisture and water. These adhesivesare well suited for automated assembly of wide area laminates consistingof water permeable substrates such as paper to paper, paper to wood andpaper to board, wood veneer to wood or wood composite. Dispersionadhesives are prominent in the production of paper and board packages.Of these, so-called homopolymeric polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) dispersionsare widely used and have been established for many years in theindustrial bonding of paper. The formulations usually contain aplasticizer such as diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), so that the adhesivecan form an elastic film on paper. Although there are as yet noscientifically based limit values for assessing the transfer of DIBP tofoods, DIBP is similar in terms of structure and action to the substancedi-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), which is considered to be toxic toreproduction, i.e. capable of causing harm to fetuses and impairfertility. The latest reports on DIBP, which can migrate from paper andboard packages and accumulate in the packaged foods, have alerted foodand packaging manufacturers. The plasticizer can come from sources suchas dispersion adhesives, which are frequently used in the packagingindustry.

For some time now, a steady increase in DIBP levels in food packages hasbeen observed, although the latter are produced with DIBP-freeadhesives. The cause of this is the combined recycling of food packageswith non-food packages and other paper products processed with adhesivescontaining DIBP. DIBP is thus entrained into the overall paper cycle andaccumulates in the fibers of recycled paper, from which new foodpackages are also manufactured. Extracting DIBP from the productionprocesses in paper mills is technically impossible.

In the packaging industry, the interest in alternative adhesives isenormous.

After announcement of the possible risks caused by the migration of DIBPfrom dispersion adhesives in recycled paper, the existing adhesivesformulations for packages were first changed over to safe plasticizers.In addition, there was a trend towards other types of dispersions suchas VAE (Vinyl acetate/ethylene) copolymers making it possible to get ridof the plasticizer. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,966. The VAEdispersions' film formation capabilities mean that film-forming aidsalso become redundant in the formulation of adhesives. Whereas this newproduct line could be particularly interesting for developingplasticizer-free, aqueous adhesives for the paper and packagingindustry, VAE-based dispersions are seldom chosen and only used forhigher demands due to comparatively high costs. Furthermore, it appearsthat they have a lower wet tack which can be improved using boric acidbut this is also undesirable due to legislation on hazardous compoundsin particular on carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic chemicals (CMRlegislation).

The production speed of machinery used in the paper industry, e.g. papersack or laminating machines, increases all the time, so demand for highquality adhesives also grows. Stable adhesive viscosity is a keyparameter in paper sack manufacture. Reduced drying time can be an issuewhen storage capacity is limited. Shorter delivery time is possible whenpaper sacks dry fast. The use of highly porous paper demands the rightadhesives solution. Low splashing at high machine speeds is essentialfor many applications.

Starch- and dextrin-based adhesives play a large part in industrialproduction, especially the packaging industry. Starch and dextrin areprincipally used for bonding paper products. Most corrugated boxboardfor making cartons is bonded with starch-based adhesives, and otherporous substrates can be easily joined with these versatile adhesives.Starch and dextrin adhesives are readily available, low in cost, andeasy to apply from water dispersion. They are considered to be one ofthe least expensive class of paper-packaging adhesive. Formulated starchand dextrin adhesives can be applied hot or cold. These adhesives aregenerally supplied as powder and mixed with water prior to use to form aliquid adhesive solution. Starch and dextrin cure by the loss ofmoisture.

US2012/0121873 (also published as EP2455436-A1) relates to starch-basedglue compositions obtained by enzymatic modification of starch with abranching enzyme. The branched starch is said to confer a high long-termstability to a glue composition in liquid or aqueous form. Also, thestarch-based glue would have a low viscosity and a high adhesivestrength.

However, the present inventors observed that the glue compositionscomprising enzymatically branched starch originating from e.g. potato,waxy potato, maize, waxy maize, wheat, tapioca, sago, pea, mungbeansuffer from severe practical limitations. In particular, it was foundthat the glue compositions according to US2012/0121873 have undesirableNewtonian rheological properties, indicating that the viscosity isindependent of the shear rate. In contrast, for many commerciallyimportant gluing applications it is preferred that the glue compositionexhibits non-Newtonian shear thinning (also referred to aspseudoplastic) characteristics wherein the apparent viscosity decreaseswith an increasing rate of shear stress. For example, when shearthinning glues are applied the shear created by the brush or roller willallow them to thin and wet out the surface evenly. Once applied, theglues regain their higher viscosity which avoids drips and excessivepenetration in the substrate

There therefore remains a need for a starch-based adhesive compositionwhich makes more effective use of the starch employed in itspreparation, which is easy to prepare, of which the viscosity is stable,be easy to predict and control, and which exhibits a shear-thinningrheology behaviour. Preferably, such adhesive composition would alsocontain less plasticizer and other non-food grade ingredients ascompared to existing shear-thinning glue compositions.

The present inventors therefore set out to develop an improved adhesivecomposition which overcomes at least part of the drawbacks of knownplasticizer-free adhesives. In particular, they sought to provide astarch-based adhesive which not only meets the industrial requirementsfor the bonding of paper sacks, folding boxes, corrugated board boxesand paper packages, including large-area lamination but which is also iseconomically attractive, in particular in comparison with knownplasticizer-free adhesives and which has advantageous rheologicalproperties.

It was surprisingly found that at least some of the above goals can bemet by the use of a starch derivative obtained by enzymatic treatment ofstarch with branching enzyme and a carboxymethylated polysaccharide asrheology modifier. The combination of the branched starch and acarboxymethylated polysaccharide conferred a number of unexpecteddesirable functional properties to the adhesive: transparent appearance(note: depending on the type of rheological modifier), shear-thinningbehaviour, a high dry solids content, a fast setting speed, a high wettack, a good viscostability (no retrogradation) and lowmisting/splashing. Importantly, this makes it unique among starchderivatives to be used in adhesives and comparable to PVAc basedadhesives. Herewith, the invention provides an attractiveplasticizer-free alternative for polyvinylacetate (PVAc)-basedadhesives.

Therefore, in one embodiment the invention provides an aqueous adhesivecomposition comprising highly branched starch (HBS) obtained bytreatment of starch or starch derivatives with a glycogen branchingenzyme (EC 2.4.1.18), and further comprising a carboxymethyl (CM)polysaccharide derivative.

Numerous other polysaccharide derivatives were tested but found to beincompatible with HBS and/or did not confer the desired shear-thinningcharacteristics. This underscores the unexpected and unique finding thatcarboxymethylated derivatives are able to confer, at low dosages, ashear thinning behaviour to HBS without having a negative impact on theadhesive properties (e.g. wet tack, setting time, viscosity stability)of the HBS-based composition. Also, the anionic character of thepolysaccharides was not sufficient, since the combination of HBS andoxidized starch resulted in a composition displaying Newtonianbehaviour.

Whereas US2012/0121873 generally teaches the optional use ofconventional admixtures, fillers and additives including rheologymodifying additives, it is totally silent about starch-based rheologymodifiers and carboxymethylated polysaccharides.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,295 discloses an aqueous adhesive compositioncomprising fully gelatinized starch and carboxymethyl cellulose. As isdemonstrated herein below (Example 7), the use of HBS instead of fullygelatinized starch has unexpected effects on the rheological propertiesof adhesive composition. More specifically, the HBS-containing adhesivedisplayed a gel-like character much sought for in the paper andpackaging industry.

As used herein, a carboxymethylated polysaccharide refers to apolysaccharide wherein carboxymethyl groups (—CH₂—COOH) are bound tosome of the hydroxyl groups of the saccharide monomers that make up thepolysaccharide backbone. Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate moleculesof monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds. They rangein structure from linear to highly branched. Polysaccharides are oftenquite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeatingunit. Depending on the structure, these macromolecules can have distinctproperties from their monosaccharide building blocks. Polysaccharideshave a general formula of C_(x)(H₂O)_(y) where x is usually a largenumber between 200 and 2500. Considering that the repeating units in thepolymer backbone are often six-carbon monosaccharides, the generalformula can also be represented as (C₆H₁₀O₅)_(n) where 40≤n≤3000. Whenall the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type, thepolysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide or homoglycan, but whenmore than one type of monosaccharide is present they are calledheteropolysaccharides or heteroglycans. Examples include storagepolysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, and structuralpolysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin.

Carboxymethylation of polysaccharides is a widely studied conversionsince it is simple and leads to products with a variety of promisingproperties. In general, the polysaccharide is activated with aqueousalkali hydroxide mostly sodium hydroxide and converted withmonochloroacetic acid or its sodium salt according to the Williamsonether synthesis yielding the carboxymethyl (CM) polysaccharidederivative. Various polysaccharides from different sources can be usedas starting materials. Exemplary polysaccharides which can be subjectedto carboxymethylation include plant polysaccharides such as starch andcellulose, fungal polysaccharides (e.g. pullulan, sclerfoglucan andschizophyllan) and bacterial polysaccharides like dextran and curdlan.

In a preferred embodiment, the CM polysaccharide derivative is obtainfrom a plant source. More preferably, it is carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC, as it is usually called) or carboxymethyl starch (CMS). CMC wasfirst prepared in 1918 and was produced commercially in the early1920's. Today CMC of different quality is applied in many areas ofindustry and human life. Preferably, the CMC is purified to contain lessthan about 2% salts. Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) is also known for a longtime. CMS was first made in 1924 by the reaction of starch in analkaline solution (40% aqueous NaOH) with sodium monochloroacetate.

Carboxymethylated polysaccharides, in particular CMC and CMS, are basedon renewable resources. They are biodegradable and non-toxic productsthat are finding an increasing number of applications. There aredifferent grades of CMC and CMS. Especially the highly purifiedproducts, i.e., of low salt content have made the CM polysaccharides toa valuable additive in many areas of application including the food andpharmaceutical area. CMC is assumed to be applied in more than 200applications today.

The carboxymethylated starch derivative can be obtained from native,unmodified and chemically modified starch derived from non-geneticallymodified as well as genetically modified plant variants, such as potato,corn, wheat, tapioca, waxy potato, waxy corn, waxy tapioca, high amylosepotato, high amylose corn, and modified starches including low DEmaltodextrins and amylomaltase-treated starch. In a preferredembodiment, an adhesive of the invention contains a carboxymethylatedpotato starch derivative and/or a carboxymethylated corn starchderivative. The starch may be crosslinked or not. The starch may be waxystarch. Very good results were obtained with carboxymethylatedcrosslinked corn starch, carboxymethylated crosslinked potato starch andcarboxymethylated waxy potato starch, all of which are commerciallyavailable from various sources. In addition to the carboxymethylsubstitution, the polysaccharide may be further modified, for example byhydroxypropylation of the polymer. In one embodiment, the CMpolysaccharide is a carboxymethylated, hydroxyl propylated starch, whichis optionally crosslinked.

The concentration CM polysaccharide in an adhesive of the invention canvary according to the viscosity of the CM polysaccharide and the desiredrheological properties of the solution. It typically ranges between 0.1and 20% by weight of the total dry weight of the composition. In apreferred embodiment, carboxymethylated polysaccharide is present in anamount of 0.2-10% by weight of the total dry weight of the composition.In one embodiment, CMS or CMC is used at about 0.5-5% w %.

To obtain the highly branched starch for use in the present invention,starch is gelatinized and then converted with a thermostable glycogenbranching enzyme (E.C. 2.4.1.18). Normal starch is composed of twoconstituents, the virtually linear amylose having α-1,4 glycosidiclinkages and the α-1,6 branched amylopectin. There are also variants ofstarch with almost exclusively amylopectin (waxy starches) or starchcontaining a high amylose amount. Branching enzymes are enzymes capableof converting the α-1,4 glycosidic linkages present in amylopectin andamylose to α-1,6 bonds, thereby creating new branch points. Whenincubated with gelatinized starch, the amylose and/or long side chainsof the amylopectin are transferred to amylopectin with the creation ofnew α-1,6 glycosidic linkages. This results in a shortening of theaverage side chain length and a significant reduction of the interactioncapacity of the branched molecules. The resulting starch derivative isnot hydrolysed to a significant degree as indicated by the fact that ithas no measurable reducing power/Dextrose Equivalent (DE). Branchingenzyme-modified starch combines a number of already known functionalproperties (low viscosity at high concentrations, no retrogradation anda transparent solution) with some unexpected functional properties thatare beneficial for use as a PVAc substitute, being that it gives nomisting or splashing and that it has a sufficient high wet tack.

Accordingly, the invention provides the use of a highly branched starch(HBS) obtained by treatment of starch or starch derivatives withglycogen branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18) as binder in combination with acarboxymethylated polysaccharide as rheology-modifying additive in awater-based dispersion adhesive composition. Preferably, the binder isused in a plasticizer-free adhesive, in particular as alternative forpolyvinylacetate (PVAc).The degree of branching can vary and may dependon the intended application. Typically, the HBS has a molecularbranching degree of at least 4%, preferably at least 5%. Furtheradditives may be included to enhance product stability. In oneembodiment, the HBS has a molecular branching degree of at least 6%.This provides a highly stable product. Preferably, it is at least 6.5%,for example in the range of about 7 to about 10%. The degree ofmolecular branching as used herein refers to the relative amount ofα-1,6 glycosidic linkages over the total of α-1,6 and α-1,4 glycosidiclinkages ((α-1,6/(α-1,6+α-1,4)*100%) and can be determined by methodsknown in the art, e.g. using a combination of reducing enddetermination/isoamylolysis (Palomo M et al. 2009 Appl. Environm.Microbiology, 75, 1355-1362; Thiemann, V. et al, 2006 Appl. Microb. andBiotechn. 72: 60-71) and measuring the total amount of carbohydratepresent via the Anthrone/sulphuric acid method (see e.g. Fales, F. 1951J. Biol. Chem. 193: 113-124). Typically, the degree of branching doesnot exceed 11-12%.

Any native or unmodified starch may be used as starting material forobtaining the HBS for use in the present invention. For example, thehighly branched derivative can be derived from non-GMO as well as GMOplant variants of various sources, such as potato, corn, wheat, tapioca,waxy potato, waxy corn, waxy tapioca, high amylose potato, high amylosecorn etc. In one embodiment, potato starch is used.

In addition, modified starches are suitable to be used including low DEmaltodextrins or amylomaltase-trated starch (e.g. Etenia). In oneembodiment, the starch derivative is alpha-amylase treated starch. Alsoencompassed are chemically modified starches. For example, the startingmaterial is a starch derivative selected from the group consisting ofthe products of acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and the productsof the chemical and physical modifications of starch of any type.

Preferably, the starch or starch derivative is first gelatinized beforeit is brought into contact with the branching enzyme. Starchgelatinization is a process that breaks down the intermolecular bonds ofstarch molecules in the presence of water and heat, allowing thehydrogen bonding sites (the hydroxyl hydrogen and oxygen) to engage morewater. This irreversibly dissolves the starch granule. Penetration ofwater increases randomness in the general granule structure anddecreases the number and size of crystalline regions. The gelatinizationtemperature of starch depends upon botanical source and the amount ofwater present, pH, types and concentration of salt, sugar, fat andprotein in the recipe, as well as derivatisation technology used. Sometypes of unmodified native starches start swelling at 55° C., othertypes at 85° C.

For example, starch is gelatinized in a batch or continuous process in asteam injection device (jet cooker). The gelatinized starch can bebrought at the desired pH by the addition of acid or base and after thedesired temperature has been reached the branching enzyme is added andthe solution is kept at the desired temperature for a desired period oftime. Alternatively, the branching enzyme can be added to a starchsuspension at room temperature and while mixing the slurry is heated tothe desired temperature and kept at that temperature for the desiredperiod of time.

The branching enzyme can originate from any suitable microbial source.Preferably, it is a thermostable glycogen branching enzyme obtained froma mesophilic or thermophilic organism, preferably glycogen branchingenzyme of Aquifex aeolicus, Anaerobranca gottschalkii or Rhodothermusobamensis. The enzyme may be produced recombinantly using conventionalmolecular biological and protein expression techniques.

The conversion conditions and the amount of enzyme added vary widelydepending on the starting material, the type of enzyme used and desiredextent of conversion. The skilled person will be able to determinesuitable conditions by routine trial and error. For example, 1000 enzymeunits per gram of dry matter starch can yield 10% branching during anincubation period of about 20 hours. After the conversion has progressedto the desired extent, the enzyme can be inactivated by increasing thetemperature or by lowering the pH of the incubation mixture. This canthen be followed by a filtration and ion exchange step to removeprotein. Subsequently, the pH is adjusted to the desired pH and starchmixture is subjected to drying e.g spray drying or evaporation to removewater and produce a high dry solid mixture.

As said, the highly branched starch derivative finds its use as binderin water-based adhesives. Because of its low viscosity even at high drysolid content, it can be incorporated in the adhesive composition inrelatively high amounts, even up to 100% by weight of the total weightof the composition, for example up to 99 w %, up to 98 w %, up to 97w %,up to 95 w % or up to 90 w %. Hence, the branched starch derivativeallows for the production of adhesive compositions having a high drymatter content. Typically, the composition contains 20-80wt %,preferably 30-60 wt % dry matter. The composition may comprise one ormore further useful ingredients, preferably selected from other starchesor starch derivatives; filler materials such as chalk (CaCO₃) and/orChina Clay; and dispersing agents. In one embodiment, HBS is present inan amount of from 1 to 90%, like 5 to 75%, preferably 10 to 60% byweight of the total weight of the formulation.

As discussed herein above, HBS- solutions disclosed in the art have aNewtonian character. This is clearly illustrated in Example 2 whereinadhesive compositions based on the teaching of US 2012/0121873 areinvestigated. Among others, the viscosity was tested at a shear rateinterval of 1-1000 second⁻¹. HBS prepared from potato starch or waxycorn starch used at about 50% refraction yielded adhesives with aviscosity index of about 1, indicating that the viscosity wasessentially not affected by the shear rate (Newtonian behavioursolution). See table 1.

In contrast, the viscosity of an adhesive comprising HBS was stronglyreduced with increasing shear rates upon the addition of a low amount ofCM polysaccharide. See Example 3 and Table 2, showing that in thepresence of carboxymethyl cellulose the viscosity at shear rate of 10s−1 is reduced by a factor of 2.3 to 5.9 when the shear rate isincreased to 500 s−1, and even more than 7-fold at a shear rate of 1000s−1. Other types of cellulose ethers (e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose) wereeither incompatible with HBS as evidenced by a phase separation and/ordid not confer a non-Newtonian rheology.

Example 3 shows the screening of twenty different starch derivatives fortheir effects on rheological behaviour and the compatibility with HBS.As can be concluded from the results shown in Table 4, also forstarch-based polysaccharides, the presence of carboxymethyl groups isimportant to confer a shear-thinning rheology and/or viscosity stabilityto a HBS-based adhesive. This is confirmed in Example 4 showing someexemplary shear-thinning HBS-based adhesives.

Thus, the invention provides a starch-based adhesive having ashear-thinning rheological behavior. In one embodiment, the viscosityshear rate index is at least 1.2, wherein the viscosity shear rate indexis calculated by the quotient of the viscosity at a shear rate of 10 s−1and the viscosity at a shear rate of 500 s−1 (viscosity index shear rate10/500) or the viscosity at a shear rate of 10 s−1 and the viscosity ata shear rate of 1000 s−1 (viscosity index shear rate 10/1000) whereinthe viscosity is measured at a temperature of 25° C. Preferably, theviscosity shear rate index is at least 1.3, more preferably at least 1.4or even higher like about 1.5. In a specific aspect, the inventionprovides an adhesive comprising HBS and a CM starch derivative andhaving a viscosity shear rate index in the range of about 1.25 to about1.45. In another specific aspect, the invention provides an adhesivecomprising HBS and CM cellulose and having a viscosity shear rate indexin the range of about 2.0 to 6.0.

The wet tack is another important parameter for adhesive compositions.Wet tack is the immediate bonding power of an adhesive, still in wetstate, that allows it to stick to a substrate instantly once it isapplied. The higher the wet tack, the higher the bonding power. If thewet tack of the glue is too low, the paper is insufficiently heldtogether in the wet, non-set state. It was found that the combined useof HBS and a CM polysaccharide confers a shear-thinning rheology and ahigh wet tack over a range of conventionally used amounts of liquidadhesive applied (20-80 μm).

Also provided is a method for preparing an adhesive compositioncomprising a branched starch with a viscosity shear rate index of morethan or equal to 1.2, comprising mixing enzymatically branched starchwith water and at least one carboxymethylated polysaccharide. The drycomponents were mixed and dissolved in demineralised water at 25° C.during stirring at 1000 rpm for 30 minutes. And thereafter defoamed at25° C. by stirring at 5 rpm for 30 minutes.

A still further aspect of the invention relates to a method for adheringa first substrate to a second substrate, comprising applying to at leastsaid first or said second substrate a water-based adhesive as disclosedherein. Typically, at least one of said substrates is a paper or woodsubstrate. In one embodiment, the first and/or second substrate is/arepart of a glued or glueable product. Also provided is a method forgluing a product, comprising the steps of providing an adhesivecomposition comprising HBS and a CM polysaccharide as disclosed herein,and applying the composition onto a side of a product to be glued. Thismay take place by roller application, nozzle application, sprayapplication, foam application, clichéapplication, via anilox applicationrolls, by a dipping method, by doctoring, etc. A further side to beglued is then fixed on the applied glue to form a rigid bond (aftersetting or drying of the glue). Exemplary products include paper sacks,paper bags, envelopes, wall paper, gummed tape, spiral and convolutepaper tubes and use as a remoistable adhesive. Also encompassed is aglued or glueable product obtainable by an adhering or gluing methodaccording to the invention, the product being characterized in that itcontains HBS-based adhesive comprising at least one CM polysaccharide.The glued product normally contains two sides which have been gluedtogether as well as one or two layers of paper or cardboard which arebonded by the glue according to the invention, in particular wherein onelayer has a printed or printable flat surface, in particular on a sideof the layer opposite the side to glued. Logically, the display surfaceitself is not glued.

Further embodiments of the invention include methods of using glue,comprising providing a glue composition comprising HBS and a CMpolysaccharide additive as described herein, and using the gluecomposition as a gluing agent or a laminating agent for at least one ofpaper products, cardboard products and displays made from paper orcardboard.

In a specific aspect, the HBS-based adhesive is used in a method forlaminating, for example wherein said laminating compriseslitholaminating, off line paper to paper or paper to board or board toboard laminating, graphic board laminating, solid board laminating,honeycomb laminating, aluminum foil laminating or duplex wall paperlaminating. Laminated substrates obtainable by a laminating method ofthe invention are also provided.

LEGEND TO THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Shear rate versus Normal stress analysis of an adhesivecomposition (1) of the prior art comprising fully gelatinised starch(FGS) versus an adhesion composition (2) of the invention comprisinghighly branched starch (HBS). For details see Example 7.

FIG. 2: Large Amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) analysis of an adhesivecomposition (1) of the prior art comprising fully gelatinised starch(FGS) versus an adhesion composition (2) of the invention comprisinghighly branched starch (HBS). Shown are the storage modulus (G′) and theloss modulus (G″). For details see Example 7.

FIG. 3: Oscillation Frequency Sweep analysis of an adhesive composition(1) of the prior art comprising fully gelatinised starch (FGS) versus anadhesion composition (2) of the invention comprising highly branchedstarch (HBS). Shown are the storage modulus (G′) and the loss modulus(G″). For details see Example 7.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Example 1 Preparation of Highly Branched Starch(HBS)

HBS was produced by jet cooking. A 17% dry solid potato starch slurrywas jet cooked (149-153° C., 8 min residence time, pressure 4 bar).After cooling down to 70° C. and adjusting the pH to 6.1, 1000 units ofbranching enzyme (measured as the change in the absorbance of aiodine/iodide starch complex at 660 nm) were added per gram drysubstance of starch. The branching enzyme used was the product NS28067of Novozymes, a pilot plant product containing the branching enzyme ofRhodothermus obamensis.

After 20 h of incubation, the enzyme was inactivated by lowering the pHto 2.5 with 4 M HCl. After 35 min the pH was readjusted to 4.5. Then thesolution was filtered over a filter with pore size of 2-4 micrometer,followed by ion-exchange (Aquadem E200, Kruger). Finally, the solutionwas dried by evaporation of the water first at 61° C. and then spraydried at 200° C. (temp out 82° C.). This yielded starch having a degreeof branching of 10%.

The activity of the branching enzyme is determined by monitoring changesin the iodine/iodide/amylose complex as a result of the branching enzymeactivity. A substrate solution is prepared by adding 10 mg Amylose typeIII (Sigma) to 0.5 ml 2 M NaOH, subsequently adding 1 ml ultra purewater and then adjusting the pH by adding 0.5 ml 2 M HC1 and 7.8 mlphosphate buffer (pH 7.2). A iodine/iodide stock solution is prepared byadding 0.26 g I₂ and 2.6 g KI to 10 ml ultra pure water. To 100microliter of this stock solution 50 microliter 2 M HCl is added and 26ml ultra pure water (stop reagent). The activity of the enzyme isdetermined by mixing 50 microliter of appropriately diluted enzyme to 50microliter of amylose substrate solution and incubation this for 30 minat 60° C. Then 2 ml of stop reagent is added and after mixing well theabsorbance is measured at 660 nm (the absorbance should be between 0.15and 0.3). The activity (U/mL) is calculated using the following formula:U/ml=(ODreference−ODsample)×100%×dilution/(ODreference−ODblank)/30min/0.05 ml

Example 2 Branched Starch-based Adhesive Compositions and theirProperties

This reference example shows the Newtonian behaviour of known HBS-basedadhesives.

Four different types of HBS were prepared. HBS-P denotes highly branchedpotato starch obtained as described in Example 1 herein above. HBS-WM1denotes a liquid highly branched waxy maize starch preparation obtainedaccording to Example 1 of US2012/0121873. Since the drying method is notspecified in US2012/0121873, two different dried waxy maize preparationswere made. HBS-WM2 refers to HBS-WM1 dried using a Compact AnhydroDanMark spray drier operated at an inlet temperature of 250° C. and anoutlet temperature of 110° C.

HBS-WM3 was produced as follows. A 18% dry solid waxy maize slurry wasjet cooked at 160° C. After cooling to 70° C. and adjusting the pH to6.2, 1000 units of branching enzyme (measured as the change in theabsorbance of a iodine/iodide starch complex at 660 nm) were added pergram dry substance of starch. The branching enzyme used was productNS28067 of Novozymes. After a 19 h incubation, the enzyme wasinactivated by lowering the pH to 2.7 with 10% HCl. After 30 min the pHwas readjusted to 4.5 with 10% NaOH. The solution was then filtered overa filter with pore size of 8-12 micrometer, followed by mixedion-exchange (AMBERLITE™ MB20 Resin) chromatography. Finally thesolution was spray dried (250° C. to 110° C. on a Compact AnhydroDanMark spray drier). This yielded starch having a degree of branchingof 10%. Each of the HBS preparations was dissolved by adding the productin about 10 seconds (in a steady flow) to demineralised water (25±1° C.)in a plastic beaker (Ø90 mm), while being stirred at 1000 rpm with a3-propeller stirrer (Ø60 mm) for 30 minutes. After defoaming (30 min. 5rpm), the adhesive compositions were brought onto a refraction of 50%.

Brookfield viscosity—The viscosity of the solution (20±1° C.) isdetermined with a digital Brookfield DV-I viscosimeter (mPa·S) using thecorrect applicable spindle at 20 rpm during 15 seconds (or fiverevolutions)

Stability—For determining the viscostability of the liquid adhesivesolution, the solution is preserved by addition of 0.1% Proxel BZ plusfrom

Lonza and stored at 20±1° C. during a certain period and every few daysthe viscosity the solution (20±1° C.) is registered.

Adhesion—Wet tack—The wet tack of the adhesive solution is determinedwith a Fipago-Adhesion tester (PKL system) in a conditioned room(RH=50±2%, T=23±1° C.). A thin adhesive film (standard 60 μm) of liquidadhesive (23±1° C.) is applied with a wire winded rod on the smooth sideof a standard kraft paper stripe (Natural machine-glazed kraft paper(one smooth and shiny side, one matt side) Manufacterer: SopalDoetinchem, The Netherlands; Gurley porosity: 72 s; PPS smoothness(smooth side): 3.42 gm; Cobb ⁶⁰: 24 g/m²; Grammage: 85 g/m²; Dennisonwax test: 18; 30×200 mm).

After the open time is exceeded (standard 5 s) the glued paper strip isplaced on another piece of paper (kraftliner Pitea Royal Brown,Manufacterer: Kappa Smurfit, Sweden; Supplier: Fipago, The Netherlands(Fipago 2006 kraftline); Grammage: 200 g/m²; Cobb ¹⁸⁰⁰: 86 g/m²;Dennison wax test: 18; 60×100 mm) by means of a metal pressure roller(standard 500 g). After the close time is exceeded (standard 3 s) thetwo pieces of paper are separated from each other. The wet tack is givenas work (cJ) needed to separate the pieces of paper is measured.

Adhesion—Setting time—For determining the setting time of the adhesivethe above method for determining the wet tack is followed, where as theopen time is set on 0 seconds and the closed time is varied (standard inthe interval 0 . . . 20 seconds, but can be longer if fibre tear has notyet occurred). Every adhesive is characterized by at least fivedifferent closed times, yielding a more or less sigmoid curve. Thiscurve represents the work needed to overcome the bond strength asfunction of closed time. Results are given as work (cJ). The value forthe setting time (s) is the time where the peel strength of 40 cJ isexceeded.

Rheology—A flow curve of an adhesive is recorded by a Physica Rheolab MC100 Rheometer. 1.5 ml adhesive under cone and plate MK 22, gap: 0.05 mm,Temperature: 25° C.

Profile:

1st interval: . Shear rate ramp log: 0.1 . . . 1000 S⁻¹: 30 points 6 s(180 s)

2^(nd) interval: . Shear rate: 1000 s⁻¹: 10 points 6 s (60 s)

3^(rd) interval: . Shear rate ramp log: 1000 . . . 0.1 s⁻¹ 30 points 6 s(180 s)

Depending on resistance of the liquid, the maximum of 1000 s⁻¹ issometimes not reached (maximum torque is exceeded).

Compatibility: 100 ml of the adhesive is stored in a well closed glassjar at 20° C. The adhesive is evaluated 1 day and 1 week afterpreparation. Incompatibility can be recognized by the appearance of twolayers or a buttermilk structure at the wall of the glass jar.Compatibility is indicated with +, incompatibility is indicated with −.

TABLE 1 shows the various properties of the compositions. Composition 12 3 4 HBS-P 100 g HBS-WM 1 165 g HBS-WM 2 100 g HBS-WM 3 100 g water 100g  35 g 100 g 100 g Properties: Brookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm,20° C. 1 day after preparation 3150 2860 2850 4530 Refraction [%] 49.750.0 49.9 49.9 pH 4.16 1.68 1.80 5.98 Appearance trans- trans- trans-trans- parant parant parant parant Wet Tack 60 μm [5.3] 5 5.5 5 9.7Setting time 60 μm 12.5 12.5 11.5 9.5 Time till 40 cJ Rheology Physicalviscosity [mPa · s] Interval 1-1000 Shear rate 10 s−1 1910 1919 19703018 Shear rate 500 s−1 1912 1854 1812 2802 Viscosity index Shear rate10/500 1.00 1.03 1.09 1.08

The above results demonstrate that HBS originating from potato or waxymaize both show a Newtonian behaviour.

Example 3 Water-based Adhesive Compositions Comprising HBS and CMPolysaccharide

This example describes the effects of cellulose derivatives on therheology of a HBS-containing adhesive composition. The HBS was preparedfrom potato starch as described in Example 1. Five different celluloseethers were tested.

Methocel 254 is a HPMC (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) from DowChemicals. Natrosol 250 HR is a HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) fromAshland. Gabrosa P200G is a CMC (carboxymethylcellulose) from AkzoNobel.Klucel HIND is a HPC (hydroxypropylcellulose) from.Ashland. Walocell MKX40000 PF01 is a HEMC (hydroxyethylmethylcellulose) from Dow Chemicals.The components were mixed and dissolved in demineralised water at 25° C.during stirring at 1000 rpm for 30 minutes. And thereafter defoamed at25° C. by stirring at 5 rpm for 30 minutes. Table 2 below shows thecomposition and properties of the adhesive compositions.

TABLE 2 Screening of applicability of various cellulose ethers asrheology-modifying additive. Composition HBS-CE 1 2 3 4 5 6 HBS³ 34.3 g34.3 g 34.3 g 34.3 g 34.3 g 34.3 g water 48.3 g 48.3 g 48.3 g 48.3 g48.3 g 48.3 g HPMC  0.8 g HEC  0.8 g CMC  0.2 g HPC  0.8 g HEMC  0.8 gColor trans- Trans- Trans- trans- Trans- Trans- parant parant parantparant parant parant Properties: Brookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm,20° C., 1 day after preparation 500 940 ⁴ 980 ⁴ 1700   600 ⁴ 780 ⁴Refraction [%] 41.5  43.9  43.4 41.3   42.3  42.7 Compatible with HBSn.a. − ¹ − ¹ + ± ² − ¹ Rheological behavior Newto- n.a. n.a. Shear-Newto- n.a. nian thinning nian Physica viscosity [mPa · s] Interval1-1000 Shear rate 10 s−1 401 1051 522 Shear rate 500 s−1 378 457 429Shear rate 1000 s−1 381 429 428 Viscosity index Shear rate 10/500 1.062.30    1.22 Shear rate 10/1000 1.05 2.45    1.22 ¹ Separation ofcellulose ether and HBS (top layer cellulose ether, bottom layer HBS)was observed ² Turbid mixture ³Potato starch based ⁴ Afterhomogenization of the mixture

As is clear from Table 2, only the adhesive compositions comprisingcarboxymethylated cellulose (column 4) displayed a good compatibilitywith HBS and a desirable shear-thinning behavior.

Example 4 Water-based Adhesive Compositions Comprising HBS and Starch

In this example, twenty different starch derivatives were screened at aconcentration of 2% by weight of the HBS. Table 4 summarizes theireffects on rheological behaviour and the compatibility with HBS.

TABLE 4 Screening of starch derivatives Rheological Modificationbehaviour Compatibility Starch source Chemical Physical mixture with HBSpotato Acetylated distarch Drumdried Newtonian − phosphate potatoDistarchphospate Drumdried Newtonian − potato Acetylated distarchDrumdried Newtonian − phospate potato Distarch phospate DrumdriedNewtonian − (+emulsifier) potato Hydroxypropylation Spray cookedNewtonian − potato Acetylated distarch Drumdried Newtonian ± adipatewaxy potato Extruded Newtonian ± potato Hydroxypropylated DrumdriedNewtonian ± distarch phosphate potato Hydroxypropylation Newtonian ±potato Oxidization Drumdried Newtonian ± potato Sodium octenyl DrumdriedNewtonian ± succinate potato Acid degraded (+Na- Drumdried Newtonian ±3) wheat Drumdried Newtonian + waxy potato Peroxide degraded DrumdriedNewtonian + (+filler) potato Oxidization and Newtonian +hydroxyethylation maize Carboxymethylated Drumdried Shearthinning + andcrosslinked potato Carboxymethylated Extruded Shearthinning + waxypotato Carboxymethylated Extruded Shearthinning + potatoCarboxymethylated, Drumdried Shearthinning + hydroxypropylated andcrosslinked potato Carboxymethylated Drumdried Shearthinning + andcrosslinked

The results shown in Table 4 demonstrate that, also for starch-basedpolysaccharides, the presence of carboxymethyl groups is important toconfer a shear-thinning rheology and/or compatibility to a HBS-basedadhesive.

Example 5 Exemplary Shear-thinning HBS-based Adhesives

TABLE 5 Composition: 1 2 3 HBS 245 g 245 g 245 g SOLVITOSE C5 —  2.5 g —QUICKSOLAN SPR — —  5.0 g Water 345 g 345 g 345 g Properties: Brookfieldviscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C., 2 h after preparation 570 1170 1355Refraction [%] 41.3 41.6 41.9 pH 5.4 5.8 5.2 Wet Tack 60 μm [5.3] 2 2.753 Setting time 60 μm 16 15.5 15 [Time till 40 cJ [s] Viscosity-stabilityBrookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C. After 2 hours 515 10751340 After 4 weeks 585 1220 1365 Viscosity-stability 1.14 1.13 1.02index [4 weeks/2 hours] Rheological behavior Newtonian Shear- Shear-thinning thinning Physical viscosity [mPa · s] Interval 0.1-1000 Shearrate 10 s−1 443 988 963 Shear rate 500 s−1 440 741 710 Shear rate 1000s−1 441 713 683 Viscosity index Shear rate 10/500 1.01 1.33 1.36 Shearrate 10/1000 1.00 1.39 1.41

The results in Table 5 demonstrates that addition of theCM-polysaccharides Solvitose C5 or Quicksolan SPR to HBS results in thedesired rheological behavior without sacrificing the relevant adhesiveproperties like wet tack, setting speed and stability.

Example 6 Various Types and Dosages of CM Polysaccharide Show theBeneficial Rheological Effect

This example further demonstrates the effect of type and dosage (basedon dry weight) of carboxymethyl polysaccharide. The carboxymethylpolysaccharides tested were Solvitose C5 (CM potato starch from AVEBE),Quicksolan SPR (CM amylopectin potato starch from AVEBE), Gabrosa T 4000C (CM cellulose from AKZO NOBEL) and Finnfix 2 (CM cellulose fromMetsä-Serla).

All compositions with carboxymethyl polysaccharide derivative additionsresult in the desired rheological behaviour while relevant adhesiveproperties like wet tack, setting speed and stability were retained oreven improved. By using different types and/or dosages of carboxymethylpolysaccharides, the adhesive properties (viscosity, rheology, wet tackand setting speed) can be optimized to the specific demands of thevarious possible applications.

TABLE 6A Solvitose C5 in the range of 1.0 to 3.9 w % Composition: 1 2 34 HBS 245 g 245 g 245 g 245 g SOLVITOSE C5 —  2.5 g  5 g  10 g Water 345g 345 g 345 g 345 g Properties: Brookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm,20° C., 2 h after preparation 570 1005 2315 8580 Refraction [%] 41.342.1 42.3 43.0 pH 5.4 5.4 5.7 6.1 Wet Tack 60 μm [5.3] 2 3 4 7 Settingtime 16 16.5 16.5 16.5 60 μm [0, . . .] Time till 40 cJ [s]Viscosity-stability Brookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C. After2 hours 515 1005 2315 8580 After 4 weeks 585 1200 2425 8950Viscosity-stability 1.14 1.19 1.05 1.04 index [4 weeks/2 hours]Rheological behavior Newtonian Shear- Shear- Shear- thinning thinningthinning Physical viscosity [mPa · s] Interval 0.1-1000 Shear rate 10s−1 443 842 1834 5499 Shear rate 500 s−1 440 688 1096 2120 Shear rate1000 s−1 441 658 1002 1778 Viscosity index Shear rate 10/500 1.01 1.221.67 2.59 Shear rate 10/1000 1.00 1.28 1.83 3.09

TABLE 6B Quicksolan SPR in the range of 3.9 to 9.3 w % Composition: 1 23 4 5 HBS 245 g 245 g 245 g 245 g 245 g QUICKSOLAN SPR —  10 g  15 g  20g  25 g Water 345 g 345 g 345 g 345 g 345 g Properties: Brookfieldviscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C., 2 h after preparation 570 2615 41005670 7260 Refraction [%] 41.3 43 43.4 43.9 44.1 pH 5.4 5.63 5.82 5.986.13 Wet Tack 60 μm [5.3] 2 6 9 11 12 Setting time 16 14 14 14 13 60 μm[0, . . .] Time till 40 cJ [s] Viscosity-stability Brookfield viscosity[mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C. After 2 hours 515 2615 4100 5670 7260 After 4weeks 585 2580 3960 5590 7080 Viscosity-stability 1.14 0.99 0.97 0.990.98 index [4 weeks/2 hours] Rheological behavior Newtonian Shear-Shear- Shear- Shear- thinning thinning thinning thinning Physicalviscosity [mPa · s] Interval 0.1-1000 Shear rate 10 s−1 443 1866 26493822 4712 Shear rate 500 s−1 440 932 1215 1580 1867 Shear rate 1000 s−1441 860 1100 1402 1655 Viscosity index Shear rate 10/500 1.01 2.00 2.182.42 2.52 Shear rate 10/1000 1.00 2.17 2.41 2.73 2.85

TABLE 6C Gabrosa T 4000 C in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 w % Composition: 12 3 4 5 HBS 245 g 245 g 245 g 245 g 245 g GABROSA T — 0.25 g   1 g  2.5g  5 g 4000 C Water 345 g 345 g 345 g 345 g 345 g Properties: Brookfieldviscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C., 2 h after preparation 570 650 11902900 8800 Refraction [%] 41.3 42.3 42.5 42.2 42.2 pH 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4Wet Tack 60 μm 2 4 7 18 27 [5.3] Setting time 16 16.5 14.5 13.5 10 60 μm[0, . . .] Time till 40 cJ [s] Viscosity-stability Brookfield viscosity[mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C. After 2 hours 515 650 1190 2900 8800 After 4weeks 585 795 1515 3740 10780 Viscosity-stability 1.14 1.22 1.27 1.291.23 index [4 weeks/2 hours] Rheological Newtonian Shear- Shear- Shear-Shear- behavior thinning thinning thinning thinning Physica viscosity[mPa · s] Interval 0.1-1000 Shear rate 10 s−1 443 522 1244 1986 3910Shear rate 500 s−1 440 448 543 700 943 Shear rate 1000 s−1 441 439 505627 811 Viscosity index Shear rate 10/500 1.01 1.16 2.29 2.84 4.15 Shearrate 10/1000 1.00 1.19 2.46 3.17 4.82

TABLE 6D Finnfix 2 in the range of 7.5 to 16.9 w % Composition: 1 2 3 45 HBS 245 g 245 g 245 g 245 g 245 g FINNFIX 2 —  20 g  30 g  40 g  50 gWater 345 g 345 g 345 g 345 g 345 g Properties: Brookfield viscosity[mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C., 2 h after preparation 570 2175 4030 7180 12300Refraction [%] 41.3 43.6 44.4 45.1 45.8 pH 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 Wet Tack60 μm 2 4 4 5 6 [5.3] Setting time 16 15 16 16 16 60 μm [0, . . .] Timetill 40 cJ [s] Viscosity-stability Brookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20rpm, 20° C. After 2 hours 515 2175 4030 7180 12300 After 4 weeks 5852270 4280 7870 14600 Viscosity-stability 1.14 1.04 1.06 1.10 1.19 index[4 weeks/2 hours] Rheological Newtonian Shear- Shear- Shear- Shear-behavior thinning thinning thinning thinning Physica viscosity [mPa · s]Interval 0.1-1000 Shear rate 10 s−1 443 1656 2777 4768 7948 Shear rate500 s−1 440 1296 1998 2910 4355 Shear rate 1000 s−1 441 1210 n.a. n.a.n.a. Viscosity index Shear rate 10/500 1.01 1.28 1.39 1.64 1.83 Shearrate 10/1000 1.00 1.37 n.a. n.a. n.a.

TABLE 6E Additional example showing the impact of the type of CMpolysaccharide used (Brookfield viscosity between 2000-3000 mPa · s).Composition: 1 2 3 4 HBS 245 g 245 g 245 g 245 g GABROSA T  2.5 g 4000 CSOLVITOSE C5  5 g QUICKSOLAN SPR  10 g FINNFIX 2  20 g Water 345 g 345 g345 g 345 g Properties: Brookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C., 2h after preparation 2900 2315 2615 2175 Refraction [%] 42.2 42.3 43.043.6 pH 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.5 Wet Tack 60 μm [5.3] 18 4 6 4 Setting time 13.516.5 14 15 60 μm [0, . . .] Time till 40 cJ [s] Viscosity-stabilityBrookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C. After 2 hours 2900 23152615 2175 After 4 weeks 3740 2425 2580 2270 Viscosity-stability 1.291.05 0.99 1.04 index [4 weeks/2 hours] Rheological behavior Shear-Shear- Shear- Shear- thinning thinning thinning thinning Physicalviscosity [mPa · s] Interval 0.1-1000 Shear rate 10 s−1 1986 1834 18661656 Shear rate 500 s−1 700 1096 932 1296 Shear rate 1000 s−1 627 1002860 1210 Viscosity index Shear rate 10/500 2.84 1.67 2.00 1.28 Shearrate 10/1000 3.17 1.83 2.17 1.37

Example 7 Advantage of HBS over other Starch Derivatives

This examples demonstrates the surprising advantages of a composition ofthe invention comprising HBS and CM polysaccharide over known aqueousstarch-based adhesives comprising carboxymethylcellulose. U.S. Pat. No.4,272,295 relates to starch based adhesives, for example, for use in themanufacture of corrugated and laminated paper and board, and inparticular to starch based adhesives requiring low heat-energyconsumption for forming satisfactory bonds.

Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,295 discloses a lyophilic colloidconsisting of 90% by weight of fully gelatinized starch and 10% byweight of carboxymethyl cellulose. The data herein below show thatreplacement of the fully gelatinized starch with highly branched starchunexpectedly provides an adhesive with completely different propertiesand an improved rheological profile.

Methods:

-   1. In a glass beaker of 400 mL 175.7 gram of water and 2.0 gram of    caustic soda were added. The beaker was put in a water bath of 55°    C.-   2. Whilst stirring with 1000 rpm 8.33 gram of a lyophilic colloid    consisting of 90% by weight of either fully gelatinised starch    (Passeli WA 4; comparative example) or HBS (example of the    invention) and 10% by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose (Gabrosa P    400 G) was dispersed into the solution. The mix was stirred for 10    minutes in water bath of 55° C.-   3. 133.3 grams of commercial wheat starch was slurried in 200 grams    of water and added whilst stirring with 1000 rpm to the colloid    solution.-   4. The mixture was heated in the water bath of 55° C. until    viscosity increased to 28 seconds (STEIN HALL CUP).-   5. Immediately the mixture was taken out of the water bath and at    room temperature 0.83 gram of Boric Acid was added and after 1    minute mixing 0.33 gram of sodium silicate (38 DEGBe) was added.

After 1 day storage at 20° C. the Brookfield viscosity, pH, dry solidswere determined and the rheological profile characterized with a flowcurve, LAOS (Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear) and an OscillationFrequency Sweep.

Analytic Procedures:

Rheology—A flow curve of an adhesive is recorded by a Haake Mars IIIRheometer. Measure geometry: C60/2° Ti L L10 010, gap: 0.100 mm, 2.5 mladhesive, temperature: 20° C.

Profile:

1. CR; 10.00 1/s; t 30.00 s; #30

2. CR; 0.000 1/s; t 3.00 s; #10;

3. Reset normal force

4. CR; 1.000 1/s - 1000. 1/s log; t 160.00 s; #16

5. CR; 1000. 1/s - 1.000 1/s log; t 160.00 s; #16

Rheology—A LAOS of an adhesive is recorded by a Haake Mars IIIRheometer. Measure geometry: C60/2° Ti L L10 010, gap: 0.100 mm, 2.5 mladhesive, temperature: 20° C.

Profile:

1. CS; 0.000 Pa; t <300.00 s;

2. CR; 0.000 1/s; t 3.00 s; #10

3. Reset normal force

4. CD; 0.01000 - - 100.0 - log; f 1.000 Hz; t ---; #21

5. CD; 0.01000 - - 100.0 - log; f 1.000 Hz; t ---; #21

Rheology—An oscillation frequency sweep of an adhesive is recorded by aHaake Mars III Rheometer. Measure geometry: C60/2° Ti L L10 010, gap:0.100 mm, 2.5 ml adhesive, temperature: 20° C.

Profile:

1. CS; 0.000 Pa; t <300.00 s

2. CR; 0.000 1/s; t 3.00 s; #10

3. CD-AS; 0.04000 -; 10.00 Hz - 1.000 Hz log; t ---; #6

4. CD-AS; 0.04000 -; 1.000 Hz- 0.01000 Hz log; t ---; #3

Results

Table 7 and FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 show that the use of HBS instead of fullygelatinized starch in a lyophilic colloid results in an adhesive with ayielding behaviour which acts like a gel instead of a polymericsolution. A gel-like behaviour is very desirable for adhering twosubstrates (e.g. at laminating) because due to this behaviourdelamination during drying of the adhesive will be avoided or minimized.In contrast, the adhesive with the polymeric solution behaviourcontinues to flow and will not withstand low load during dryingresulting in delamination.

TABLE 7 Composition Comp. example Invention Starch in lyophilic colloidFully gelatinized Highly branched starch (FGS) Starch (HBS) Properties:Brookfield viscosity [mPa · s] 20 rpm, 20° C. 1 day after preparation18350 9100 pH 12.1 12.0 Dry solids [%] 22.6 22.7 Rheology HAAKE MARSFlowcurve [mPa · s] Interval 1-1000 Shear rate 10 s−1 5300 4850 Shearrate 1000 s−1 233 132 Viscosity index Shear rate 10/1000 22.7 36.7 LAOS¹ Type I Type III ¹ Reference: Large Amplitude oscillatory shearbehavior of complex fluids investigated by a network model: a guidelinefor classification. Hoon Goo Sim, Kyung Hyun Ahn, Seung Jong Lee.Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 112 (2003), 237-250

FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 illustrate the rheological properties of thecomparative example (Composition 1; FGS) and the example of theinvention (Composition 2; HBS).

As is shown in FIG. 1, with the use of HBS (almost) no change in normalstress is observed. In contrast, with Composition 1 a positive normalstress builds up which is known to be undesirable and promotes unevenapplication of the adhesive due to the formation of ribs. (Reference:Effects of non-newtonian fluids on the ribbing instability. L. Pauchard,F. Varela Lopez, M. Rosen, C. Allain, P. Perrot, M. Rabaud 3rd EuropeanSymposium on Advances in Coating and Drying of Thin Films. Erlangen1999). It was also observed that with the use of HBS an abrupt decreaseof the viscosity is observed near a stress of 60 Pascal (yieldingbehaviour) whereas a composition according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,295shows a gradual decrease of the viscosity (data not shown).

FIG. 2 shows the results of the Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS)analysis, which is useful to characterize nonlinear properties ofcomplex fluids. LAOS characterization is considered as a rigorous testfor rheological models and quality control. It was found thatcomparative Composition 1 with fully gelatinized starch is classified¹as a type I, strain thinning. Type I are polymer like solutions and thisis in correspondence with the observed Normal stress development.Composition 2 with HBS however is classified¹ as type III, weak strainovershoot. Type III is not as common as type I behaviour, and a Type IIIresponse is typical for complex fluids which have a temporary network.Hence, the LAOS analysis also demonstrates a major effect of using HBSon the rheological properties of the colloid. In particular, the TypeIII behaviour is especially desirable for application of the colloid in(high speed) machinery in the paper industry.

FIG. 3 shows the Oscillation Frequency Sweep. Formulation 2 behaves likea typical gel; the elastic component (G′) is almost frequencyindependent and has a finite magnitude. In contrast, Composition 1behaves like a polymer like solution; at (very) low frequencies theelastic component vanishes and it will flow like a liquid.

In conclusion, all three characterizations show a distinct difference inrheological behaviour between Compositions 1 and 2. Composition 1 flowslike a polymer solution, whereas Composition 2 shows a yieldingbehaviour and acts like a gel.

One skilled in the art will recognize and appreciate that a gel-likebehaviour is very desirable for adhering two substrates (e.g. atlaminating) because delamination will be avoided or minimized due tothis behaviour.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An aqueous adhesive composition comprisinghighly branched starch (HBS) obtained by treatment of starch or starchderivatives with a glycogen branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18), and furthercomprising a carboxymethyl (CM) polysaccharide derivative.
 2. Adhesivecomposition according to claim 1, wherein said CM polysaccharidederivative is a carboxymethyl ether of starch, cellulose or acombination thereof.
 3. Adhesive composition according to claim 1wherein said CM polysaccharide is derived from a starch selected fromthe group consisting of native, unmodified and chemically modifiedstarch derived from non-genetically modified or as genetically modifiedplant variants, such as potato, corn, wheat, tapioca, waxy potato, waxycorn, waxy tapioca, high amylose potato, high amylose corn, and modifiedstarches including low DE maltodextrins and amylomaltase-treated starch.4. Adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein saidcarboxymethylated polysaccharide is present in an amount of 0.1 to 20%by weight of the total dry weight of the composition.
 5. Adhesivecomposition according to claim 1, wherein said HBS has a molecularbranching degree of at least 6% wherein the molecular branching degreeis defined as the percentage of α-1,6 glycosidic linkages of the totalof α-1,6 and α-1,4 glycosidic linkages ((α-1,6/(α-1,6+α-1,4)*100%). 6.Adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein said HBS is obtainedfrom starch or starch derivatives in a partially or completelygelatinized form, preferably wherein said starch or starch derivative isselected from native, unmodified and chemically modified starch derivedfrom non-genetically modified as well as genetically modified plantvariants, such as potato, corn, wheat, tapioca, waxy potato, waxy corn,waxy tapioca, high amylose potato, high amylose corn, and modifiedstarches including low DE maltodextrins and amylomaltase-treated starch.7. Adhesive composition according to claim 1, wherein said adhesivecomposition contains 20-80 wt % dry matter.
 8. Adhesive compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein said HBS is present in the adhesivecomposition in an amount of from 5 to 75% (w/w) by weight of the totalweight of the composition.
 9. Adhesive composition according to claim 1,having a viscosity stability index of less than 1.5, calculated by aquotient of the Brookfield viscosity after 2 weeks, and the Brookfieldviscosity after 2 hours after preparation of the composition, whereinthe Brookfield viscosity is measured at a temperature of 20° C. 10.Adhesive composition according to claim 1, having a shear-thinningrheological behavior.
 11. Adhesive composition according to claim 1,having a viscosity index shear rate above 1.2, calculated by a quotientof the viscosity index at a shear rate of 10 s−1 and the viscosity indexat 500 s−1, wherein the viscosity is measured at a temperature of 25° C.